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portrait of Gregorio Cortez

Gregorio Cortez: A Historic Pursuit Across Texas

Examining the manhunt for Gregorio Cortez, his depiction in the corrido, and the controversy over his actions

History

Gregorio Cortez was born on June 22, 1875, between Matamoros and Reynosa in Tamaulipas, Mexico. At the age of 12, in 1887, Gregorio and his family moved north to Manor, Texas. Two years later, he and his brother, Román, relocated to Karnes County.

In Karnes County, their story took a dramatic turn when Sheriff Morris made an unwarranted visit, searching for Mexicans in connection with a stolen horse. This encounter tragically resulted in Román's death and a shootout between Gregorio and Sheriff Morris, leaving Gregorio as the sole survivor.

Thus began the ballad of Gregorio Cortez, marking him as a wanted man 

Capture near Palafox Mine

On June 22, 1901, law enforcement finally caught up with Gregorio Cortez. He surrendered to the Governor of Texas and stood trial for the deaths of Sheriff Morris and Sheriff Glover. However, no judge or jury could convict Gregorio for Sheriff Morris's death, as he had acted in self-defense. Despite this, Gregorio made many enemies due to the deaths of both sheriffs, with many calling for his lynching.

On January 1, 1905, Gregorio was sentenced to jail for the death of Sheriff Glover.

In July 1913, Governor O.B. Colquitt granted Gregorio a pardon, and he was released from prison on July 14, 1913.

Gregorio Cortez passed away in 1916.

Thus ends the ballad of Gregorio Cortez, but his legend endures as a hero of the South Texas borderlands. 

letter from Gregorio

Court Trials

The trial of Gregorio Cortez, as shown in Cortez v. State, 44 Tex. Crim. 169, took place with Judge Henderson presiding over the case while Cortez was in the Bexar County Jail. This section includes short quotes from Judge Henderson's decisions on whether Cortez's actions were self-defense and if law enforcement had the authority to arrest him. 

Bexar County courthouse, early 1900s
"Prejudice is a sinister quality; and the very persons whom it actuates may be unconscious of its existence."
"If the authority to make an arrest is wanting, the person attempting such arrest is in the wrong and a trespasser, and the person so arrested can resist him, regardless of his knowledge that the arrest was illegal."
Bexar County courthouse with trees in the foreground
View of Bexar County courthouse
"The right to defend oneself from an unlawful arrest is justified if there is a reasonable belief that the arresting officer has exceeded the scope of authority or is acting in bad faith."

Gregorio Cortez's Route

Listen to the Ballad

Folk ballads immortalize cultural events and people while serving as a source of entertainment. As part of the oral tradition, folk ballads evolve with the times and the creative energy brought to subsequent variations.

Please enjoy two versions of "El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez." Side A features Panfilo’s Güera performing a traditional version that highlights the fiddle in true Texas-Mexican music style. Side B reimagines the historic ballad with a performance by San Antonio's local Tex-Mex punk band, Piñata Protest. Their raw and modern sound contributes to the continuum and evolution of this legendary corrido. 

album-cover
El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez - SIDE A
Panfilo's Güera
00:00/00:00
music-cover
El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez - SIDE B
Piñata Protest
00:00/00:00

Sounds of San Anto: The Making of The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez

Bringing an iconic corrido to life featuring Panfilo’s Güera and Pinata Protest.

Photo of Panfilo's Guera band

About the Band

Panfilo's Güera

Belen Escobedo, a master of Texas-Mexican fiddle music, grew up in San Antonio's South Side, immersed in Norteña, Mariachi, and Country music. Despite financial challenges, a school program offering free music lessons changed her life, allowing her to learn the violin and eventually become a professional mariachi musician.

Escobedo funded her education through mariachi performances, earning degrees from St. Mary's University and Texas A&M-Kingsville. After a long and successful career teaching band and orchestra, she retired to focus on a new mission: preserving traditional Texas-Mexican music.

Today, Belen leads her band, Panfilo's Güera, and is recognized for her expertise in playing the fiddle. Her work preserves traditional fiddle musical forms and invites the community to experience a cultural sound, making her a significant individual in the Texas-Mexican music scene. For her contributions, she has earned the Master Texas Fiddler Award.

View their recording performance

Piñata Protest logo

About the Band

Piñata Protest

Piñata Protest is a Tex-Mex punk band based in San Antonio, TX. They are known for their high-energy fusion of punk rock with traditional Tejano Mexican rhythms like conjunto and norteña. Singing in Spanish and English (Espanglish), the band creates a bold and unique sound.

The band’s distinctive style has earned them spots on the soundtracks of major and independent films such as Tequila Re-Pasado (2023), Me Estás Matando Susana (2016), La Soldera (2015), and Circus of the Dead (2014). They also contributed original music for Me Estás Matando Susana.

Founded by Mexican singer-songwriter and accordion player Álvaro Del Norte, Piñata Protest features San Antonio musicians Regino López on electric/acoustic guitar (Piñata Protest), Jesse Bourbon on bass (Grupo TanTan), and Miguel Aguilar, Jr. on drums (Mike Aguilar and the Coupes).

Piñata Protest’s tours have brought the sounds of San Antonio music across the United States and Europe, connecting audiences with San Antonio and Texas’s rich musical culture.

Their performances ignite crowds to mosh, skank, and twirl their dance partners and connect their audience with the diverse sounds of San Antonio’s music scene.

View their recording performance

Contributing Persons

Rachel Cruz

Rachel Yvonne Cruz, Ph.D, UTSA Mexican American Studies assistant professor and music specialist, provided sung lyrics corresponding to the some of the locations mentioned during the pursuit of Cortez. As a leading voice in in Mexican American music scholarship, she has been instrumental in creating a unique music concentration for UTSA’s BA in Mexican American Studies. Introduced in 2022, this concentration is paving the way for scholars to use music as a tool for social awareness and change.

About the Sound Studio

ARC Recording Studio

ARC Recording Studio, located in San Antonio, Texas, is known for its commitment to high-quality sound and artist-driven production. Founded by Ramón Gonzalez Mora, a 53rd Grammy Award winner for Banda Album, it features a skilled team of engineers led by Omar Olvera. Over the years, the studio has collaborated with a diverse range of artists and creators, contributing to albums that showcase Mexican Americans’ unique sound and culture.

About the Sound Engineer/Producer

Miguel Aguilar, Jr.

Music runs deep in the Aguilar family from San Antonio. Miguel Aguilar Jr., the grandson of Tejano Music Hall of Fame inductee Emilio Aguilar, understands the unique sound San Antonio has to offer. With his band, Mike Aguilar and the Coupes, Miguel continues to uphold the family tradition of shaping the San Antonio music scene through various musical styles.  

Resources

These materials are available at the University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries

Bexar County Courthouse and Main Plaza, San Antonio, Texas, ca. 1905 —General Photograph Collection—UTSA Digital Collections. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025 

Cortez Eludes Pursuers Wily Fugitive Seems to Have Escaped from Thicket and Resumed His, San Antonio Express (published as The Daily Express), June 22, 1901, p[1], 2. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Cortez Has Been Identified. William Loueary and Deputy Choate Say the Laredo Prisoner is, San Antonio Express (published as The Daily Express), June 24, 1901, p[1], 2. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Cortez is in Bexar Jail. The Slayer of Sheriffs Morris and Glover Brought Here for Safe, San Antonio Express (published as The Daily Express), June 25, 1901, p[1], 4. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Cortez v. State, 44 Tex. Crim. 169. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2024

Hot on His Trail, Dallas Morning News, June 18, 1901, p1. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Main Plaza, San Antonio, Texas, 1902-1904. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Main Plaza, San Antonio, Texas, 1902-1904—General Photograph Collection—UTSA Digital Collections. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

on Hot Trails. Many Determined Men Are in the Saddle following Tracks of Murder, San Antonio Express (published as The Daily Express), June 18, 1901, p[1], 2. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2025

Texas in Focus: Early Photographs from the State Archives | Card Photos | Texas State Library. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2025

“With his pistol in his hand”: A border ballad and its hero—University of Texas at San Antonio. (n.d.). Retrieved June 25, 2024

Contact your nearest Public Library for support for public access to historical newspapers.